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Accelerating the development of new quality productive forces is essential for China to achieve high-quality economic growth and to build new advantages in international competition.It also constitutes a key pathway for advancing Chinese modernization.As a major structural reform in the domain of production relations,the unified national market provides an internal driving force for the sustained development of new quality productive forces.Given China's vast territory and pronounced regional disparities,the development of new quality productive forces requires each region to formulate strategies based on local conditions and to promote a complementary regional division that harnesses comparative advantages.Therefore,at this critical stage of transitioning from old to new growth drivers,it is essential to examine the relationship between the unified national market and new quality productive forces from the perspective of regional division.Based on the core concept of new quality productive forces,this study develops a comprehensive evaluation system encompassing laborers,objects of labor,and means of labor to measure the level of new quality productive forces in Chinese cities from 2011 to 2022.Drawing on the perspective of regional division,the analysis further examines how the construction of the unified national market influences the development of new quality productive forces.The findings are as follows:first,during the study period,the overall level of new quality productive forces in China increased steadily,but inter-city disparities widened.Second,the construction of the unified national market significantly promotes the development of new quality productive forces,and this effect remains robust after accounting for endogeneity and conducting a series of robustness tests.Third,heterogeneity analysis based on regional characteristics,government attention,and pilot policies shows that the driving effect is stronger in eastern region,during periods of heightened governmental focus,and in cities designated as free trade zones.Fourth,mechanism analysis indicates that the unified national market strengthens regional division,thereby promoting the development of new quality productive forces.This effect primarily operates through improved technological specialization,while technological diversification has not yet played a significant role at the current stage.This study offers the following policy implications.First,accelerate the development of a unified national market by improving institutional frameworks and enhancing intercity cooperation.Second,promote a complementary pattern of technological division by encouraging cities to specialize based on their comparative advantages,while enhancing inter-regional innovation networks to balance technological specialization and diversity.Third,implement differentiated regional development strategies to foster new productive forces by aligning industrial upgrading with local conditions.
To promote high-quality economic development and the new development pattern,efforts need to be made to cultivate new quality productive forces.In order to explore the driving factors of new quality productive forces in enterprises,this study selects annual data of A-share listed companies in Shanghai and Shenzhen from 2012 to 2023 based on supply chain matching relationships,and uses a panel model to empirically explore the empowering effect and internal mechanism of customer enterprise digital transformation on new quality productive forces of supplier enterprise.Research demonstrates that digital transformation of customer enterprises can significantly improve the development level of new quality productive forces of supplier enterprises.Mechanism analysis shows that the empowering effect of customer enterprises digital transformation on the development of new quality productive forces of supplier enterprises is mainly achieved through a dual mechanism of cooperation and competition effects.Heterogeneity analysis shows that when the financing constraints of supplier enterprises are lower and the level of digital economy development in the region is higher,the empowering effect of customer enterprise digital transformation on the development of new quality productive forces of supplier enterprises is stronger.Based on the research findings,suggestions are proposed to strengthen supply chain collaboration,improve digital infrastructure construction,and optimize differentiated policy support,in order to provide decision-making references for the government to optimize the digital economy policy system and cultivate new quality productive forces drivers.
Climate change has given rise to both physical risks,such as extreme weather events,and transition risks associated with low-carbon regulation and technological change,both of which are profoundly reshaping corporate operations and strategic decisions.Amid increasingly globalized and fragmented production networks,climate risks borne by upstream suppliers can be transmitted along the supply chain and thereby threaten the stability of corporate production activities,the security of input provision,and their long-term sustainable development.Against this backdrop,this study employs panel data on Chinese A-share listed companies from 2012 to 2022 to examine whether suppliers' climate risk affects corporate environmental investment and through which channelo this effect operates.The empirical results indicate that higher levels of suppliers' climate risk significantly promote corporate environmental investment,implying that focal corporatims tend to respond to heightened climate exposure in their supply networks by increasing spending on pollution control,energy saving,clean technologies and green upgrading.This finding aligns consistent with the view that corporatims treat environmental investment as an important tool to reduce climate-related operational risk,ennance supply chain robustness,and signal environmental responsibility to external stakeholders.Further analysis shows that ESG news sentiment and financing constraints play important moderating roles in this relationship.When capital markets,media and the wider public pay greater attention to ESG issues,corporatims facing higher suppliers' climate risk are more inclined to expand their environmental investment in order to improve corporate image,meet regulators' expectations and comply with tightening environmental standards.By contrast,stronger financing constraints weaken corporate responses to suppliers' climate risk,making it more difficult to secure the funds required for green projects and thereby placing tighter limits on the scale and continuity of additional environmental investment.At the same time,supply chain resilience functions as a key mediating mechanism.These results suggest that corporatims can indirectly increase environmental investment by enhancing their supply chains resilience,for example through green supplier management,diversified sourcing and climate-resilient logistics.These efforts not only mitigate disruption risk arising from suppliers' climate exposure,but also incentivize corporatims to invest in cleaner production,resource efficiency and environmental risk management.Heterogeneity tests reveal that the positive impact of suppliers' climate risk on environmental investment is more pronounced for state-owned enterprises,corporate located in the eastern and western regions,and corporatims operating in non-heavily polluting industries,reflecting differences in regulatory pressure,resource endowments,governance structures and market visibility.Based on these findings,this study argues that policymakers should strengthen supervision of climate risk along supply chains,optimize ESG information disclosure frameworks,and guide corporate to enhance supply chain resilience through technological upgrading and green management practices.In addition,broadening access to green finance and tailoring financial instruments to corporate climate-related needs can help alleviate financing constraints,support higher levels of environmental investment,and ultimately facilitate corporate green transition and high-quality sustainable development.
The marginal treatment effect(MTE)model is an important tool for analyzing heterogeneous causal effects and an important complement to the local average treatment effect model.The MTE model postulates the existence of an instrumental variable(IV)that is continuously distributed.With the aid of the continuous IV,the MTE model can accommodate the treatment variable endogeneity and the treatment effect heterogeneity simultaneously.In addition,the MTE model has advantages such as rich in economic implications,able to identify the global rather than local average treatment effect(ATE),and so on.Based on the MTE model,identifying conditions for the global ATE are developed.The key condition is that the propensity score has a full support,or more generally,that the support of the propensity score contains the points of zero and one.Under the identifying conditions,the point identification of ATE is proved.Based on the identification result,a novel semiparametric trimmed weighted average estimator(TWAE)for ATE is suggested.Compared with the unweighted or untrimmed weighted average estimator,TWAE has finite variance and thus retains the possibility of convergence at a root-n rate,where n is the number of the sample size.The rate of convergence of TWAE is established in a general case.Moreover,two concrete examples are given to investigate the specific rates of convergence in different situations.Generally speaking,TWAE achieves root-n consistency when the distribution tail of the continuous IV is heavy relative to the distribution tail of the treatment error.A Monte Carlo simulation study demonstrates the theoretical results.Lastly,an empirical application to evaluating the return to compulsory education is provided to illustrate the usefulness of the proposed method.The construction of IV relies on the 1986 Compulsory Education Law(CEL)in China,which is a mandatory government intervention aimed at improving the completion rate of compulsory education.The existing literature usually defines the IV as the exposure intensity of CEL,which use only the variation across cohorts differentially exposed to the CEL due to differences in the timing of implementation across different provinces in China.To construct a continuous IV,the local enforcement strength of CEL is combined with the exposure intensity of CEL.Specifically,the continuous IV is defined as a weighted measure of the intensity of exposure to the CEL,where the weights are based on the geographic distance between the centroids of the home county and the corresponding provincial capital city.By this IV,the wage return to compulsory education is estimated to be0.561 2,which indicates that workers who completed the compulsory education get 56.12% higher wages on average than those who didn't,which is consistent with the existing results.In summary,the findings add theoretical supports to the applicability of the MTE model,and provide a theoretical basis for further investigating large sample properties of the MTE-based estimation of ATE.
The reform of the rural collective property rights system,as a landmark innovation in China's top-level institutional design for its new rural governance concept,plays a crucial role in safeguarding the income rights and interests of farmers' collective assets and promoting sustainable growth in farmers' income.Constructing aquasi-natural experiment based on the phased rollout of pilot projects for the rural collective property rights system reform since 2015.Using panel data from 1,482 counties in China spanning the period from 2010 to 2023,a multi-time-period difference-in-differences model is established to systematically evaluate the income growth effect of the rural collective property rights system reform on farmers and explore its underlying mechanisms.The findings reveal that the reform has significantly boosted farmers' income growth,with this policy effect being more pronounced in pilot counties located in central and western regions,those with favorable financing environments,and those with larger populations.Mechanism analyses indicate that attracting capital inflows into pilot counties and facilitating the outward migration of surplus labor are the primary channels through which the rural collective property rights system reform enhances farmers' income growth.Based on these conclusions,the study proposes targeted recommendations,including optimizing the design of the rural collective property rights system,dismantling institutional barriers that restrict the free flow of factors,and clarifying key directions for future government policies.These suggestions aim to provide new theoretical insights and empirical support for consolidating the achievements of the rural collective property rights system reform and ensuring stable increases in farmers' income.
As large language model technology reshapes human-computer collaboration patterns,is artificial intelligence(AI)an engine accelerating the growth of labor income or a catalyst disrupting employment structures?Based on data from A-share listed companies in Shanghai and Shenzhen between2009 and 2023,and leveraging the widespread adoption of large language models in 2021,this study employs a difference-in-differences(DID)model for empirical research.The results indicate that the level of AI application in enterprises has a significantly positive effect on labor income,with corporate digital transformation serving as an important channel for this effect.Heterogeneity analysis reveals that the promotive effect of AI is stronger in eastern regions than in western regions;non-heavily polluting industries experience greater benefits in labor income;high-tech and non-asset-intensive industries exhibit stronger adaptability to AI;and the effects are significant in both labor-intensive and non-labor-intensive industries.However,under high AI application levels,significance is maintained in both types of industries,whereas under low AI levels,neither shows significance.Further analysis shows that AI significantly drives overall enterprise employment growth,particularly in enterprises with high AI application levels.This study provides empirical evidence for corporate decision-making in human resource allocation and technological innovation from the perspectives of employee income and employment.Policy recommendations are proposed,including focusing on enterprise AI application levels,implementing tiered incentives,strengthening leadership in advantaged industries,promoting regional coordinated development,deepening innovation-integration and employment support,and advancing the implementation of AI technology to foster labor income growth.
Artificial intelligence is an important national strategy.Computing power infrastructure serves as the crucial “computing foundation” for the development of artificial intelligence technology,providing massive computing resources to support modules such as large-scale parallel computing of algorithms,algorithm model training,and model operation services,thereby promoting the rapid development of artificial intelligence technology.However,upon reviewing the existing literature,it is found that there are several challenges in the development of artificial intelligence technology,such as pressure on capital investment,lack of human capital,and insufficient technical foundation.Therefore,whether the construction of computing power infrastructure will solve these problems and thereby promote the development of artificial intelligence technology in enterprises is worthy of in-depth study.Based on this,this study takes the listed companies in Shanghai and Shenzhen stock markets from 2010 to 2023 as the research sample,and employs the least squares method(OLS)to conduct an empirical test to examine whether the construction of computing power infrastructure can promote the development of artificial intelligence technology in enterprises and the mechanism of its effect.The result shows that the construction of computing power infrastructure significantly promotes the development of enterprise artificial intelligence technology.The mechanism analysis shows that the construction of computing power infrastructure plays a promoting role by easing the pressure of capital investment,improving the level of human capital and enhancing the capability of digital technology.The heterogeneity analysis shows that the promotion effect is more significant in small and medium-sized enterprises and non-technical board companies.Industry heterogeneity analysis shows that the promotion effect is more significant in manufacturing,technology-intensive and capital-intensive industries.Regional heterogeneity analysis shows that the promotion effect is more significant in the areas with low financial development,low educational resources and high computing power application.Based on the research results,suggestions are proposed from both the government perspective and the enterprise perspective.The policy suggestions from the government perspective include enhancing the regional computing power supply level and the level of computing power application inclusiveness,implementing fiscal policies such as government subsidies and tax incentives,planning regional higher education reforms,increasing the intensity of talent recruitment,supporting the aggregation of digital industries,etc.The development suggestions from the enterprise perspective include actively connecting and integrating computing resources,optimizing production and operation,accumulating relevant technical talents,strengthening digital technology capabilities,etc.
The consumption gap between urban and rural residents is an important indicator for measuring social equity and balanced economic development.During the transition period of opening-up from “exchanging market for technology” to “driving innovation through system”,deepening multidimensional opening-up to drive the orderly flow of resources and factors to rural areas is the key path to bridging the consumption gap between urban and rural residents and promoting common prosperity.First,ageneral equilibrium model that incorporates both urban and rural production sectors and representative household is developed to systematically examine how multidimensional opening-up narrows the urban-rural consumption gap,with particular attention to the role of technology diffusion.Second,a comprehensive evaluation system is constructed,comprising a multidimensional opening-up index(covering trade,investment,tourism,and labor services)and a technology diffusion index(assessing performance,carriers,and support).Using the entropy method,we calculate these indices for 30 Chinese provinces.Finally,based on panel data from 2013 to 2020,this paper empirically analyzes the impact of multidimensional opening-up on the consumption gap and the role of technology diffusion in this process.This study indicates that multidimensional opening-up contributes to narrowing the consumption gap between urban and rural residents.Mechanism analysis reveals that technology diffusion serves as the key channel through which multidimensional opening-up promotes the narrowing of the consumption gap between urban and rural residents.Heterogeneity analysis shows that among the various dimensions of multidimensional opening-up,trade openness,investment openness,and tourism openness have a significant effect on narrowing the consumption gap between urban and rural residents,while the impact of labor openness on narrowing the consumption gap is not statistically significant.The effect of multidimensional opening-up on narrowing the consumption gap between urban and rural residents is only significant in eastern provinces,provinces with advanced industrial structures,and provinces with high levels of digital inclusive finance.Further analysis shows that multidimensional opening-up has significant spatial spillover effects on technology diffusion and consumption gap between urban and rural residents.According to the analysis above,the following policy suggestions are provided:it is necessary to optimize agricultural services related to multidimensional opening-up and deepen two-way agricultural international cooperation,promote the adoption of international advanced technologies by various entities,strengthen the demonstration and leading role of technology diffusion,and enhance human capital support,coordinate the allocation of open resources,implement regional differentiation strategies,build crossprovince technology collaboration and logistics networks.By clarifying how multidimensional opening-up affects the consumption gap between urban and rural residents and role of technology diffusion,this study provides theoretical and empirical references for the government to promote the fair distribution of opening dividends and realize common prosperity.
Enhancing government digital service capacity is crucial for modernizing the national governance system and aligns closely with the initiative to “develop new quality productive forces based on local conditions” outlined in the 2025 government work report.Although notable progress has been made in the digital transformation of governments across China,significant regional disparities persist,alongside challenges such as insufficient digital infrastructure and ongoing institutional and organizational restructuring.Therefore,further investigation is needed into how to strengthen digital service capacity to synergistically promote new quality productive forces.Based on 30 Chinese provincial panel data from 2015 to 2023 and guided by the Technology-Organization-Environment(TOE)framework,this study constructs a configurational model incorporating seven factors(e.g.,digital infrastructure,government organizational openness,and intergovernmental competition)that collectively shape digital service capacity.Using Qualitative Comparative Analysis(QCA),this study identifies multiple pathways through which these factors jointly improve digital service capacity.Regression analysis is further applied to examine how these pathways drive regional new quality productive forces development.The findings reveal that no single factor is sufficient to generate high-level digital service capacity;instead,such capacity arises from the interaction of multiple conditions,with government organizational openness playing aparticularly critical role.Six distinct pathways are identified:a synergistic symbiosis type lightly promoted by government finance and digital technology application;a similar type driven by government finance and education;an organization-guided type facilitated by digital technology application;an environment-guided type supported by government finance;a diversified composite-guided type promoted by government finance in contexts of not-high civic literacy;and an environment-guided type driven by civic literacy in settings with not-high digital technology application.Five of these pathways enhance both digital service capacity and new quality productive forces development by unleashing labor productivity,reshaping production relations,and enabling innovative allocation of production factors.Credit marketization exhibits a positive moderating effect in four of the pathways,though it exerts no significant effect in the two environment-guided pathways.This study provides theoretical and empirical insights into the complex formation mechanisms of digital service capacity and its synergistic relationship with new quality productive forces,offering important policy implications for advancing national governance system modernization.
Enhancing the quality of public security services is a vital pathway to improving people's well-being,supporting high-quality development,and strengthening the senses of fulfillment,happiness,and security.Using multi-channel retrieval,we identified 471 policy documents on public security services issued between January 2015 and May 2023 by the Ministry of Public Security and provincial public security authorities,and excluded texts outside the study scope.Drawing on policy text analysis and ROSTCM6.0,we construct a PMC-based evaluation index system with 10 first-level and 51 second-level indicators.Indicator content is determined by high-frequency terms in the texts and governance practice,and a binary scoring scheme is adopted to ensure scientific rigor and objectivity.We then randomly select 22 policy documents from the Ministry and various regions,assign values against the index system,calculate the PMC indices,and visualize the results with PMC surface plots.Based on the empirical findings,we propose optimization strategies:increase joint issuance to advance holistic and collaborative governance;diversify policy instruments to enhance flexibility and contextual adaptability;anchor long-term objectives to clarify strategic management planning;encourage local experimentation to spur innovation across the police force.Public security service policies need to clarify the overall planning of strategic management,promote holistic collaborative governance,give full play to the flexibility of the situation,stimulate the vitality of panoramic innovation,promote the optimization of open and transparent government services,and continuously improve the quality of public security services.